Because the High Holy Day prayer services include distinct liturgical texts, songs and customs, rabbis and their congregations read from a special prayer book known as the machzor during both Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Work is prohibited, and religious Jews spend much of the holiday attending synagogue. Because Jewish texts differ on the festival’s length, Rosh Hashanah is observed for a single day by some denominations and for two days by others. Unlike modern New Year’s celebrations, which are often raucous parties, Rosh Hashanah is a subdued and contemplative holiday. As a result, observant Jews consider Rosh Hashanah and the days surrounding it a time for prayer, good deeds, reflecting on past mistakes and making amends with others. Jewish law teaches that God inscribes the names of the righteous in the “book of life” and condemns the wicked to death on Rosh Hashanah people who fall between the two categories have until Yom Kippur to perform “teshuvah,” or repentance. Shevat 15 calculated the age of fruit-bearing trees and is now celebrated as the minor holiday of Tu B’Shevat.Īccording to tradition, God judges all creatures during the 10 Days of Awe between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, deciding whether they will live or die in the coming year. Elul 1 resembled the start of the modern fiscal year and determined the tithing of animals for charity or sacrifice. Nisan 1 was used to resume the cycle of months and measure the duration of kings’ reigns. The Mishna described three other “new years” in the Jewish calendar in addition to Rosh Hashanah. For this reason, Rosh Hashanah can be seen as the birthday of the world rather than New Year’s in the secular sense still, it is on Rosh Hashanah that the number of the civil year increases. The Hebrew calendar begins with the month of Nisan, but Rosh Hashanah occurs at the start of Tishrei, when God is said to have created the world.
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The Torah does, however, mention a sacred occasion that starts on the first day of the seventh month of the Jewish calendar around the time Rosh Hashanah is scheduled. Though the holiday was likely well established by the sixth century B.C., the phrase “Rosh Hashanah” shows up for the first time in the Mishna, a Jewish code of law compiled in 200 A.D.ĭid you know? The ancient Jewish instrument known as the shofar, which is traditionally made from a ram's horn, has been used in classical and contemporary music, including composer Jerry Goldsmith's score for the 1979 film "Alien." Rosh Hashanah is not explicitly mentioned in the Torah, Judaism’s founding religious text, and appears under different names in the Bible.
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